Effective strategies for translating, adapting, and standardizing questionnaires in languages and cultures different from their country of origin are reviewed. This article specifically highlights the application of objective psychological tests in Asia with special emphasis on the most widely used and internationally adapted personality instrument, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). This article examines the generalizability and utility of personality assessment instruments across cultures and addresses methodological issues related to using personality questionnaires in countries different from the one in which they were developed.
Psychological tests developed in the United States are being widely adapted into other languages and cultures around the world.
